What is the difference between verification and identification?

Verification compares a person with a claimed enrolled identity. Identification searches a gallery for candidates, creating different false-positive, scale and oversight requirements.

How is a recognition threshold selected?

Use representative operational data, intended gallery scale and the real consequences of false acceptance, false rejection, false identification and missed identification—not a vendor default.

Is liveness detection enough to stop spoofing?

No. Presentation-attack detection is one layer. Secure capture, device integrity, protected transport, injection defenses, monitoring and additional factors may also be necessary.

Should face recognition be the only authentication factor?

For higher-risk actions, combine it with an independent possession, knowledge or supervised factor and design a fallback that is not trivially weaker.

Are biometric templates safe to export?

Exports increase linkage and disclosure risk. Restrict them, log access, encrypt them and prefer controlled migration mechanisms with verified deletion at the source.

What should be monitored in production?

Monitor accuracy outcomes, capture quality, latency, fallback, overrides, gallery and threshold changes, attacks, complaints, retention failures and relevant subgroup measures.

How should the system fail?

Failure behavior depends on context and life safety. Define safe fallback for each access point, preserve emergency operation and prevent recognition outages from silently granting unauthorized access.

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